Emotion Regulation Strategies in Educational, Work and Sport Contexts: An Approach in Five Countries.

One of the greatest challenges in the domain of emotional regulation is comprehending the functionality of strategies and their utilization in various social contexts. In this sense, this study analyzes differences in the use and efficacy of regulation strategies, particularly of interpersonal strategies like altruism, social support, negotiation, mediation, regulation, and rituals, in samples of workers (N = 687) and students (N = 959) from Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Spain, and Uruguay, and athletes (N =144) from Spain. Participants answered questions pertaining to measures of affect or emotional regulation (MARS and ERQ self-regulation scales and EROS heteroregulation), as well as questions of a wellbeing scale (PHI) and questions related to emotional creativity (ECI), humor styles (HSQ), and adjustment to stress. Athletes reported less emotional discharge, use of humor, and affection, and greater confrontation and use of rituals than students and workers. A congruent relationship was found between the use of functional strategies (like direct coping, distraction, reevaluation, and active physiological regulation) and adjustment to stress, well-being, and creativity. Seeking social support, negotiation, and, to an extent, altruism, confirmed their predicted adaptive character. Mediation and delegation did not confirm their predicted adaptive character. Rumination, social comparison, rituals, confrontation, and suppression were maladaptive for workers and students, but the first four strategies were functional for athletes, who display a higher self-control and a more team-oriented and competitive emotional culture. Finally, the results show that adaptive regulation strategies mediate the relationship between well-being and adjustment to stress.

Bullying victimization, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity and sedentary behavior are related with psycho-social variables among youth, however its relationship with bullying victimization is unclear. The aim of the study was to clarify the associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviors with bullying victimization among children and adolescents. METHODS: Two independent authors searched in four databases. The studies were selected/included only if participants were children and/or adolescents and the relationship between physical activity and/or sedentary behavior with bullying victimization was reported. Random-effects meta-analyses were used. RESULTS: A total of 18 cross-sectional studies (including 386,740 children and adolescents, 51.8% females) were reviewed. Our study found that not meeting the physical activity guidelines (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.23) and excessive sedentary behavior (i.e., 2 h per day or more of screen time) (OR = 1.21, 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.28) were associated with 14 and 21% higher bullying victimization, respectively. Consistent associations were also found when we analyzed specific forms of bullying for sedentary behavior, including traditional and cyberbullying. CONCLUSIONS: The present study establishes the first quantitative framework for understanding the influence of physical activity and sedentary behavior on bullying victimization, and lays the groundwork for future studies and interventions aimed to its promotion. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CRD42018099388 .

Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Their Association with Self-Regulation in Chilean Children.

BACKGROUND: Self-regulation comprises a series of important competencies, such as the ability to control inner states or responses toward thoughts, attention, emotions, or even performance. The relationship between self-regulation and different healthy lifestyle behaviors among children has not been examined in depth to date. The aim of this study was to explore the association between physical activity, screen time levels, and/or Mediterranean Diet adherence and self-regulation in Chilean children. METHODS: A total of 1561 children aged 8-12 years from eight public schools with low socioeconomic status were included. Physical activity, screen time, Mediterranean Diet, and self-regulation were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Children who were classified as active or those who reported less than 2 h per day of screen time had higher self-regulation than those who were classified as inactive or counterparts with 2 h per day or more of screen time, respectively. Using joint categories, active children both with low and high screen time showed higher self-regulation compared to inactive/high screen time peers. Additionally, active groups with adherence or non-adherence to the Mediterranean Diet had higher self-regulation compared to inactive and non-adherence peers. CONCLUSION: Having a greater number of healthy habits, mainly regular physical activity, was associated with higher self-regulation, which might be one potential strategy to promote child social-emotional development.

Physical activity, screen time and subjective well-being among children / Actividad física, tiempo frente a la pantalla y bienestar subjetivo en niños

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the differences between physical activity and/or screen time levels on cognitive (Life satisfaction LS) and affective (Positive affect, PA and Negative affect NA) components of subjective well-being (SWB) in children. METHOD: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,540 children (1,040 boys, 8-12 years old). LS, PA, NA, physical activity and screen time were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Children who reported 3 days per week of physical activity or less had lower LS and PA than counterparts with ≥ 6 days of physical activity per week (p < .05). Participants who reported 2 hours per day or less of screen time had lower NA than counterparts with 4 hours per day or more of screen time (p < .05). Also, children who meet physical activity guidelines have higher LS and PA compared to inactive peers, even with high screen time. In contrast, excessive screen time was also related with NA independent of the level of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that physical activity is related with positive feelings and LS, but does not eliminate the effect of screen time on negative feelings among Chilean children

INTRODUCCIÓN/OBJETIVO: Este estudio explora las diferencias entre la actividad física y/o los niveles de tiempo de pantalla en los componentes cognitivo (Satisfacción de la vida SV) y afectivo (Afecto positivo AP y Afecto negativo AN) del bienestar subjetivo en niños. MÉTODO: Se incluyó a 1.540 niños (1.040 niños, 8 a 12 años). La SV, AP, AN, actividad física y tiempo de pantalla se evaluaron con cuestionarios validados. RESULTADOS: Los niños que informaron 3 días/semana de actividad física o menos tenían menos SV y AP que sus homólogos con 6 días/semana de actividad física o más (p < 0,05). Los que informaron menos de 2 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla tuvieron menos AN que sus homólogos con más o igual a 4 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla (p < 0,05). Además, los niños que cumplen con las pautas de actividad física tienen mayor SV y AP en comparación con los inactivos, incluso con un tiempo de pantalla elevado. Por el contrario, el tiempo de pantalla excesivo también se relacionó con el AN independientemente del nivel de actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos sugieren que la actividad física está relacionada con emociones positivas y SV, pero no elimina el efecto del tiempo de pantalla en las emociones negativas

Physical activity, screen time and subjective well-being among children.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the differences between physical activity and/or screen time levels on cognitive (Life satisfaction LS) and affective (Positive affect, PA and Negative affect NA) components of subjective well-being (SWB) in children. METHOD: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,540 children (1,040 boys, 8-12 years old). LS, PA, NA, physical activity and screen time were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Children who reported 3 days per week of physical activity or less had lower LS and PA than counterparts with ≥6 days of physical activity per week (p < .05). Participants who reported 2 hours per day or less of screen time had lower NA than counterparts with 4 hours per day or more of screen time (p < .05). Also, children who meet physical activity guidelines have higher LS and PA compared to inactive peers, even with high screen time. In contrast, excessive screen time was also related with NA independent of the level of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that physical activity is related with positive feelings and LS, but does not eliminate the effect of screen time on negative feelings among Chilean children.

INTRODUCCIÓN/OBJETIVO: Este estudio explora las diferencias entre la actividad física y/o los niveles de tiempo de pantalla en los componentes cognitivo (Satisfacción de la vida SV) y afectivo (Afecto positivo AP y Afecto negativo AN) del bienestar subjetivo en niños. MÉTODO: Se incluyó a 1.540 niños (1.040 niños, 8 a 12 años). La SV, AP, AN, actividad física y tiempo de pantalla se evaluaron con cuestionarios validados. RESULTADOS: Los niños que informaron 3 días/semana de actividad física o menos tenían menos SV y AP que sus homólogos con 6 días/semana de actividad física o más (p < 0,05). Los que informaron menos de 2 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla tuvieron menos AN que sus homólogos con más o igual a 4 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla (p < 0,05). Además, los niños que cumplen con las pautas de actividad física tienen mayor SV y AP en comparación con los inactivos, incluso con un tiempo de pantalla elevado. Por el contrario, el tiempo de pantalla excesivo también se relacionó con el AN independientemente del nivel de actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos sugieren que la actividad física está relacionada con emociones positivas y SV, pero no elimina el efecto del tiempo de pantalla en las emociones negativas.

Lifestyle behaviors predict adolescents bullying victimization in low and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: In this study we aimed to provide a global perspective of the association between different lifestyle behaviors and bullying in school adolescents and to ascertain whether or not the Human Development Index moderated those associations. METHODS: Data from the Global school-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 273 121 from 82 countries. Logistic regression was applied to determine country-specific bullying victimization probability from meeting the recommended guidelines for physical activity, excessive sitting time, physical education attendance and active transport. Meta-analysis was then undertaken to ascertain pooled global effect estimates of the relationship between these behaviors and bullying victimization. Linear regression was used to study the relationship between odds of bullying from meeting the lifestyle guidelines and the Human Development Index. RESULTS: Our estimates indicate that excessive sitting time [1.38 (1.34,1.41)], attendance to physical education [0.87 (0.85,0.89)], and active transport [0.94 (0.91,0.97)] but not overall physical activity [1.01 (0.99,1.04)] were associated with bullying in the study sample. LIMITATIONS: The present study is limited by its cross-sectional nature. Also, only two countries were surveyed from the European region CONCLUSIONS: Active commuting and attendance to physical education play a protective role for bullying, while physical activity does not.

Association between bullying victimization and physical fitness among children and adolescents.

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between being bullied and the physical fitness components, and to determine whether a healthy physical fitness level is related with lower victimization in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity compared to unfit overweight/obese peers. METHOD: The present cross-sectional study included a total of 7,714 youths (9-17 years), categorized as normal-weight or overweight/obese and fit or unfit according to sex-specific handgrip strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) cut-points. Bullying (physical, verbal, social exclusion, sexual harassment, and cyberbullying) was assessed through the Standard Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey questions. RESULTS: Boys and girls that were categorized as fit (healthy level of CRF) showed lower traditional bullying compared to unfit counterparts. Also, a healthy level of CRF could be a protective factor of traditional bullying among overweight/obese youths compared to unfit overweight/obese peers. CONCLUSIONS: CRF is related with lower risk for experiencing traditional bullying in Latino youths with and without obesity, thus emphasizing the role of fitness even among youth with excess of adiposity.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre el bullying y la condición física, y determinar si un nivel físico saludable está relacionado con menor nivel de victimización en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad en comparación con sus compañeros con sobrepeso u obesidad no aptos. Método:Se incluyó un total de 7.714 niños y adolescentes (9-17 años), categorizados en peso normal o sobrepeso/obeso y aptos o no aptos a través de puntos de corte específicos para la capacidad aeróbica y fuerza manual en esta población. El bullying (físico, verbal, exclusión social, acoso sexual y cyberbullying) se evaluó a través de autoinforme. Resultados:Los jóvenes categorizados como aptos (capacidad cardiorrespiratoria) padecen menos bullying en comparación con sus homólogos no aptos. Además, un nivel saludable de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria se relacionó con menor bullying tradicional entre los jóvenes con sobrepeso/obesidad en comparación con sus homólogos no aptos. Conclusiones:La capacidad cardiorrespiratoria se relaciona con un menor riesgo de sufrir acoso escolar tradicional en los jóvenes latinos con y sin obesidad, lo que enfatiza el papel del buen estado físico incluso entre los jóvenes con exceso de adiposidad.

Association between bullying victimization and physical fitness among children and adolescents / Asociación entre la victimización por bullying y la condición física en niños y adolescentes

Background/Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between being bullied and the physical fitness components, and to determine whether a healthy physical fitness level is related with lower victimization in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity compared to unfit overweight/obese peers. Method: The present cross-sectional study included a total of 7,714 youths (9-17 years), categorized as normal-weight or overweight/obese and fit or unfit according to sex-specific handgrip strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) cut-points. Bullying (physical, verbal, social exclusion, sexual harassment, and cyberbullying) was assessed through the Standard Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey questions. Results: Boys and girls that were categorized as fit (healthy level of CRF) showed lower traditional bullying compared to unfit counterparts. Also, a healthy level of CRF could be a protective factor of traditional bullying among overweight/obese youths compared to unfit overweight/obese peers. Conclusions: CRF is related with lower risk for experiencing traditional bullying in Latino youths with and without obesity, thus emphasizing the role of fitness even among youth with excess of adiposity

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre el bullying y la condición física, y determinar si un nivel físico saludable está relacionado con menor nivel de victimización en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad en comparación con sus compañeros con sobrepeso u obesidad no aptos. Método: Se incluyó un total de 7.714 niños y adolescentes (9-17 años), categorizados en peso normal o sobrepeso/obeso y aptos o no aptos a través de puntos de corte específicos para la capacidad aeróbica y fuerza manual en esta población. El bullying (físico, verbal, exclusión social, acoso sexual y cyberbullying) se evaluó a través de autoinforme. Resultados: Los jóvenes categorizados como aptos (capacidad cardiorrespiratoria) padecen menos bullying en comparación con sus homólogos no aptos. Además, un nivel saludable de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria se relacionó con menor bullying tradicional entre los jóvenes con sobrepeso/obesidad en comparación con sus homólogos no aptos. Conclusiones: La capacidad cardiorrespiratoria se relaciona con un menor riesgo de sufrir acoso escolar tradicional en los jóvenes latinos con y sin obesidad, lo que enfatiza el papel del buen estado físico incluso entre los jóvenes con exceso de adiposidad

Influencia del apoyo socioemocional sobre la afectividad experimentada, autoconfianza y autoeficacia en jóvenes deportistas / Influence of Socio-Emotional Support on the Affectivity Experienced, Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy in Young Athletes

El objetivo del estudio es comprobar, a través de un modelo de ecuación estructural, la influencia de las relaciones de apoyo a la autonomía del deportista sobre su afectividad positiva y regulación emocional experimentada en competición, y la adquisición de recursos personales como la autoconfianza y autoeficacia. Para ello, se seleccionaron 300 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 18 años, de diferentes deportes y categorías en formación, que estuvieran compitiendo. Los resultados obtenidos del modelo corroboran que el apoyo del entorno y, en concreto, las figuras de proximidad del deportista son fundamentales en etapas de formación para que adquieran y refuercen recursos personales que le permitan mejorar su rendimiento. Para ello, el deportista también debe gestionar de forma adecuada su sistema afectivo durante la competición, hecho que refuerza su autoconfianza y autoeficacia ante el reto deportivo. Finalmente, el modelo no mostró diferencias entre categorías iniciales y avanzadas

This study aims to demonstrate through structural equation modeling the influence of athletes' autonomy-supportive relationships on the positive affectivity and emotion regulation experienced during competitions along with the acquisition of personal resources as self-confidence and self-efficacy. To that end, 300 young athletes in training from different sports and that were competing, with ages from 11 to 18 years were selected.The results confirm that a supportive environment and, specifically, close relationships are fundamental for young athletes in training stages to acquire and reinforce personal resources that allow them to improve their performance. For that, athletes also have to manage properly their affective system during competition, which reinforces self-confidence and self-efficacy when facing sport challenges. Finally, the model did not show differences between initial and advanced categories

Regulación emocional de los resultados adversos en competición. Estrategias funcionales en deportes colectivos / Emotional regulation in team sports: An approach to the modulation of emotional states in competitive situations / Regulação emocional em esportes coletivos: uma abordagem para a modulação de estados emocionais em situações competitivas

Este estudio pretende analizar cuáles son las emociones más experimentadas por los jugadores ante resultados desfavorables en un partido, si existe un uso diferencial de las estrategias de regulación usadas dependiendo de la emoción experimentada y analizar la funcionalidad de las diferentes estrategias que tanto los jugadores a nivel individual y grupal como el entrenador utilizan para regular estas experiencias emocionales. Para el estudio se seleccionaron 8 equipos (4 femeninos y 4 masculinos), todos ellos de categorías profesionales, de diferentes disciplinas deportivas: Futbol, baloncesto, hockey patines y balonmano. A todos los jugadores, se les administró una entrevista semiestructurada para conocer el tipo de emociones experimentadas ante situaciones desfavorables, las estrategias de regulación emocional utilizadas y la valoración de la funcionalidad de las mismas. También se administró el cuestionario de regulación emocional (ERQ). Para el análisis de los datos cualitativos se realizó un proceso de categorización inductiva con posteriores análisis inferenciales y para el análisis cuantitativo del cuestionario se realizaron pruebas (T) para una misma muestra. Los resultados muestran la conexión existente entre el tipo de emoción experimentada ante los resultados adversos y el uso diferencial de unas u otras estrategias de regulación. Se observó que la reevaluación cognitiva y el contagio emocional positivo grupal son las estrategias percibidas como más funcionales ante estas situaciones

This study analyzes what are the most common emotions of players in unfavourable results in a match and if there are a differential use of regulation strategies used depending on the emotion experienced. We analyze the functionality of the different strategies that players both individually and collectively and the coach use to regulate these emotional experiences. For the study we selected 8 teams (4 female and 4 male) professional categories corresponding to different sports: Soccer, basketball, hockey and handball. All players responded a semi-structured interview about the type of emotions experienced in unfavourable situations, emotional regulation strategies used and the valuation of the feature's functionality. Also we administered a questionnaire of emotion regulation strategies (ERQ). The qualitative data analysis was performed with inductive categorization process and the subsequent inferential analysis. For the quantitative analysis we used testing (T) for the same sample. The results showed the connexion between the type of experimented emotion in unfavourable results and the differential use of regulation strategies. It was found that cognitive reappraisal and positive sharing of emotions are the most functional perceived strategies in this situations

Este estudo analisa quais são as emoções mais comuns de jogadores em resultados desfavoráveis ??em uma partida e se há um uso diferencial de estratégias de regulação utilizadas Dependendo da emoção experimentada. Analisamos a funcionalidade das diferentes estratégias que os jogadores tanto individual e coletivamente eo uso treinador para regular essas experiências emocionais. Para o estudo, foram selecionados oito equipes (4 mulheres e 4 homens) categorias profissionais correspondentes a diferentes esportes: futebol, basquete, hóquei e andebol. Todos os jogadores responderam uma entrevista semi-estruturada sobre o tipo de emoções com experiência em situações desfavoráveis??, as estratégias de regulação emocional utilizadas ea valorização da funcionalidade da função. Também aplicado um questionário de estratégias de regulação da emoção (ERQ). A análise qualitativa dos dados foi realizada com o processo de categorização indutiva e análise inferencial subseqüente. Para a análise quantitativa, utilizou-se o teste (T) para a mesma amostra. Os resultados mostraram a relação entre o tipo de emoção experimentada em resultados desfavoráveis ??e do uso diferencial de estratégias de regulação. Verificou-se que a reavaliação cognitiva e partilha de emoções positivas são as estratégias mais funcionais percebidos nesta situações